In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is largely a result of the deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, utilized for a raw substance Preliminary soften (Czochralski system) [186]. Accordingly, based on its generation technologies, niobium pentoxide can adopt a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://lithium-niobate-crystal85161.blogs100.com/32918368/the-basic-principles-of-lithium-niobate-crystal